无论是非典、埃博拉,还是此次新型冠状病毒,其源头都与蝙蝠有关。这一特殊的哺乳动物,身上虽携带多种病毒,却能够安然无恙。下文选自The New York Times 《纽约时报》,我们跟着海派外语教学主管——Lena老师一起来看看蝙蝠是如何做到的?
本文作者
Lena Zou
海派外语教学主管
雅思总分8分
雅思阅读满分
多年教育行业工作经验
▍外文阅读
How Do Bats Live With So Many Viruses?
携众病毒于一身却安然无恙,蝙蝠是怎么做到的?
By James Gorman
原文:If previous outbreaks of corona-virus are any indication, the Wuhan strain that is now spreading may eventually be traced back to bats.
译文:如果说过去爆发的几次冠状病毒疫情是某种暗示,那么如今正在扩散的武汉市新型冠状病毒疫情或许超终追溯到了蝙蝠。
原文:One bat can host many different viruses without getting sick. They are thought to be the natural reservoir for the Ebola and many other viruses.
译文:蝙蝠可以携带许多不同的病毒而不生病。它们被认为是埃博拉病毒和许多其他病毒的自然宿主。
原文:Learning how they carry and survive so many viruses has been a deep question for science. In a 2018 paper, scientists reported their investigation of how bats handle something called DNA sensing. The energy demands of flight are so great that cells in the body break down and release bits of DNA that are then floating around where they shouldn’t be.
译文:科学界一直想要弄清蝙蝠携带如此多病毒并与之共生的奥秘。科学家在2018年发表的一篇论文中研究了蝙蝠如何应对“DNA感知”。蝙蝠的飞行需要消耗大量能量,这导致其体内细胞分解并释放游离的DNA片段,然后在它们本不应当出现的地方浮游。
原文:Mammals, including bats, have ways to identify and respond to such bits of DNA, which might indicate an invasion of a disease-causing organism. But in bats, they found, evolution has weakened that system, which would normally cause inflammation as it fought the viruses.
译文:包括蝙蝠在内的所有哺乳动物有办法对这种可能意味着病原体入侵的DNA片段进行识别并做出反应,这种机制在对抗病毒时通常会引发炎症。但是科学家发现,蝙蝠体内的这一机制在进化中被削弱了。
原文:Bats have lost some genes involved in that response, which makes sense because the inflammation itself can be very damaging to the body. They have a weakened response but it is still there. Thus, the researchers write, this weakened response may allow them to maintain a “balanced state of ‘effective response’ but not ‘over response’ against viruses.”
译文:蝙蝠丢失了与这种反应相关的一部分基因。而这一点也说得通,因为炎症本身会对身体造成巨大的伤害。它们体内的反应机制虽然削弱了,但依然存在。因此,研究人员在报告中写道,削弱后的反应机制使蝙蝠保持一种“平衡状态,既能对病毒做出‘有效反应’,又不会‘反应过度’”。
▍生词好句
1、indication UK /ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn/ US/ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 信号,信息
拓展:
if sth. be any indication
如果某物传递、提供了某种信息的话(if sth. tells anything)
2、strain UK /streɪn/ US /streɪn/ n. 种类(一般用来指某种有机体,某种生物体)
拓展:
a strain of 某种……(a type of)
a strain of plant 某种植物
a strain of germ 某种细菌
a new strain of coronavirus 一种新型的冠状病毒
3、host UK/həʊst/ US/hoʊst/ n. 宿主(生物学上)
拓展:
host viruses 携带病毒
intermediate host 中间宿主
natural host 自然宿主
4、without UK /wɪˈðaʊt/ US /wɪˈðaʊt/ prep. 没有……(可用于凝练语言)
拓展:
I can work long hours. I don’t get tired.
I can work long hours without getting tired.
We can fight corona-virus. We don’t lose faith.
We can fight corona-virus without losing faith.
5、reservoir UK/ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/ US/ˈrezərvwɑːr/ n. 水库,蓄水池;大量储备
拓展:
natural reservoir 自然宿主
6、deep question 深奥难懂的问题
同义替换:a difficult/complicated question 难题
拓展:
deep adj. 深奥的,深入的
a deep conversation 深入的谈话
deep analysis 深刻的分析
7、make sense 合理,说得过去
拓展:
It doesn’t make any sense. 这说不过去啊/这不合情理,说不通啊。
引出分析时,先点评结果(which makes sense),再给出原因
例如:
We are keeping ourselves in quarantine, which makes sense because that’s the most effective way of containing the corona-virus.
我们正在自我隔离,这是对的,因为这是控制冠状病毒疫情蔓延超有效的方法。
8、over response 反应过度
拓展:
You are over thinking it.
You are thinking way too much.
你想太多了。
You are over reacting.
你反应过度了。
You are over analyzing.
你分析过度了。
9、investigation of ……的研究
10、handle UK /ˈhændəl/ US /ˈhændəl/ v. 处理,应对
11、inflammation UK /ɪnfləˈmeɪʃən/ US/ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃən/ n. 发炎,炎(症)
12、be traced back 来源于,追溯到
13、originate from 来源于
本次外文精读分享到这里就结束啦,同学们居家阅读的时候也可以多多积累外文里面有用的表达,劳逸结合,充电学习,备战梦想名校!